COMPARATIVE EVALUATION ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SANDCRETE BLOCKS USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN ANAMBRA STATE

Abstract

Increasing concern has been raised regarding the declining quality and variability in the physical properties of sandcrete blocks employed in building construction across Anambra state, as frequent structural failures and poor housing durability highlights the need to evaluate the levels of standardization in block production across different locations. Therefore, this study evaluates the physical properties of sandcrete blocks employed in building construction across Anambra State, Nigeria. A quantitative experimental method was used involving dimensional measurement focusing on nine samples (A–I) comprising both machine-moulded (A–F) and hand-moulded (G–I) blocks of varying sizes and types (225mm hollow, 150mm hollow, and 150mm solid), density determination, water absorption, and thermal conductivity tests on nine sandcrete block samples following NIS, BS, and ASTM standard procedures. The findings revealed that machine-moulded sandcrete blocks demonstrated higher density, lower water absorption, and better thermal insulation than hand-moulded ones, meeting most Nigerian (NIS 87:2007) and British Standard (BS EN 771-3:2011) minimum requirements. Only machine-moulded samples B and C satisfied the BS minimum density (2000 kg/m³), while all hand-moulded blocks fell below NIS thresholds. All blocks, however, remained within the acceptable water absorption threshold of 12%. These differences stem from superior compaction and curing in machine production. Higher density correlated with improved strength and reduced heat transfer, enhancing structural performance and energy efficiency. The findings highlight the need for mechanized production, strict mix control, and proper curing to achieve durable, thermally efficient blocks suitable for structural use in Nigeria.