A Systematic Review of Quality Assurance in Prefabricated and Modular Construction

Abstract

Prefabricated and modular construction (PMC) is increasingly adopted for its potential to improve speed, cost efficiency, and sustainability in the built environment. However, ensuring consistent quality across off-site manufacturing and on-site assembly remains a significant challenge. This study conducts a systematic review of 25 peer-reviewed publications (2010-2024) to examine quality assurance (QA) methods, frameworks, and digital tools applied within PMC projects. The review identifies four key domains of QA advancement: (1) Digital integration, including Building Information Modelling (BIM), Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI), which collectively reduce defect rates by 27-40%; (2) Standardised QA frameworks such as ISO 9001, Lean-DfMA, and Statistical Process Control (SPC); (3) Implementation challenges, including skill gaps, fragmented supply chains, and weak regulatory oversight; and (4) Regional disparities, where developed regions such as the UK and Singapore demonstrate higher QA maturity compared to emerging markets. Findings suggest that QA in modular construction must evolve from a fragmented technical activity to a digitally enabled, lifecycle-wide discipline supported by harmonised standards and workforce training. The paper recommends integrated digital QA platforms, modular-specific certifications, and policy intervention to enhance quality consistency and global scalability.