Assessment of Energy Consumption Performance of Selected Commercial Buildings in Kaduna Metropolis

Abstract

The building sector accounts for approximately 40% of global energy consumption and nearly 30% of greenhouse gas emissions. Commercial buildings have shown high levels of energy use. Implementing energy-efficient practices can lower energy bills, improve occupant comfort, and reduce carbon emissions. However, there are limited empirical studies on the actual energy consumption of Nigerian commercial buildings. Most research focuses on residential buildings or theoretical savings estimates, leaving a gap in understanding the real operating conditions of commercial buildings. A quantitative research method was used, involving a field survey with a structured checklist to collect data on building features, energy use, and appliance performance. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate that the Energy Use Intensities (EUIs) of the malls (153, 271, 354, and 157 kWh/m²/year) all significantly exceed the global best-practice benchmark of 130 kWh/m²/year, with some more than doubling it. Disaggregated end-use analysis showed that cooling loads accounted for an average of 55% of annual energy consumption, followed by appliances (26%) and lighting (19%). Despite differences in building size and operation, no statistically significant variation in consumption patterns was observed (p=0.316), suggesting widespread inefficiencies. These results highlight that BEEC provisions alone are insufficient without strict enforcement and monitoring. Targeted interventions, such as horizontal shading, roof insulation, inverter-based HVAC systems, and efficient lighting, along with stronger compliance mechanisms, are necessary to achieve substantial reductions in energy use.